Three West Coast senators introduced two pieces of legislation that aim to understand one nascent problem: the impact of wildfire smoke on wine grapes.
On June 22, Sen. Alex Padilla (D-California) brought forward the Smoke Exposure Research Act, co-led by Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Oregon), and the Crop Insurance for Wine Grapes Act, co-led by Sen. Patty Murray (D-Washington) and U.S. Rep. Dan Newhouse (R-Washington).
Despite the flurry of wildfires that have ravaged wine countries in California, Oregon, and Washington since 2020, the impact of the resulting smoke on wine grapes and the extent of its damage are relatively unknown.
In California alone, a little more than 9,900 wildfires burned 4.3 million acres in 2020, according to a UC Davis wildfire season report. That total is more than twice the previous record number of acres burned in the state. The 2020 wildfires cost California wine grape growers and wineries $3.7 billion from immediate fire-related causes and subsequent loss in future sales because of unharvested grapes exposed to the smoke.
“We haven’t really been able to figure out exactly how much smoke needs to be present in one area for it to really affect grapes, so we have a little bit of work to do on the research side,” Natalie Collins, the president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers, told the Sun.
The association calls itself the only statewide organization that specializes in wine grape grower issues. It’s governed by 27 growers elected to serve on its board, and according to Collins, the group has been involved with Padilla’s office since 2022 to discuss the legislation.
“We pitched the idea of selective buy-up coverage or an endorsement for wildfires, and we based this off something already in existence on the East Coast,” she said.
Collins is referring to the second piece of Padilla’s proposed legislation, which pertains to crop insurance. The wine grape association drew inspiration from the Hurricane Insurance Protection—Wind Index. It covers 70 different crops and caters to counties in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic and Hawaii. Collins said that the hurricane protection plan allows its subscribers to “buy up” to a higher level of insurance once the wind index meets a certain threshold. The association applied similar logic to the crop insurance blueprint for Padilla’s legislation.
“Growers would have their normal crop insurance, and on top of that they can buy up coverage or get an endorsement for wildfire smoke,” Collins said. “What this legislation is really doing is having the risk management agency do more research and see what that policy would look like.”
Researchers committed to the bills have viticulture expertise, and some of them belong to UC Davis, Washington State University, and Oregon State University—the three land-grant universities that will coordinate with the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service if the legislation passes.
Green-lighting the Smoke Exposure Research Act would commit $32.5 million to the researchers over a five-year period to ensure the sustainability of the wine industry and study the effects of climate change on the industry.
“Congress has provided $5 million to the USDA to study smoke taint since fiscal year 2020,” the bill’s summary reads. “However, this research has never been formally authorized and instead relies upon annual appropriations and report language each year.”
The danger that wildfires pose to wine grapes is a new problem in California. Wine grapes are usually harvested between August and October—a period that falls right inside the state’s May through October fire season. Though, according to Frontline Wildfire Defense, some experts suggest that wildfires are now a year-long issue because of climate change. Wildfire smoke’s damage to wine grapes wasn’t on the public or political radar until 2020.
“We just didn’t know the great impact of wildfires here in California,” Collins said. “There have been other countries like Australia who have experienced wildfires in the past and they’ve been doing research. But here, 2020 was the first big wildfire hit where we discovered the impact wildfires have on grapes, and in turn, the finished wine.”
One of those discoveries is smoke taint: the phenomenon caused by smoke compounds from wildfires entering the thin skins of exposed grapes, resulting in an ashy taste that’s especially prominent once the affected grapes are fermented to make wine.
Wildfire smoke is measured in the air using the air quality index (AQI). While preliminary research focused on AQI, Collins said that other factors are also thrown into the mix when assessing smoke impact and studying smoke taint prevention.
“It could be on how long the AQI or smoke is at that level, is the wind blowing and is it moving the smoke through, how low is the smoke sitting on the grape?” Collins said. “There are so many varietals of grapes. Some have thicker skins than others, some mature at a different time period.”
Smoke taint became a problem in Santa Barbara County’s grapes in 2020, Collins added.
“We’ve seen wildfires throughout the state, but 2020 is when wildfires blanketed the entire state. When we’re looking industry wide, there were 165,000 to 325,000 tons that went unharvested,” she said.
According to Santa Barbara County’s 2022 Agriculture Crop Report, 13,459 acres of wine grapes were harvested in 2022, equivalent to 40,959 tons, and a $96.3 million gross value—ranking wine grapes as the county’s third most valuable crop.
Collins hopes that the crop insurance part of the legislation will buttress financial protection for local wine grape growers dealing with smoke taint losses, she said. She added that the problem with crop insurance in its current form is that it’s specifically designed to only pay growers back for crops that are not harvested.
“I think our biggest thing is we want to make sure all of our growers have the ability to test in real time to know if they are impacted by wildfire smoke because the wildfire season and wine grape harvest occur at the same time,” Collins said.
The West Coast faced such large-scale wine grape damage because growers couldn’t test their produce fast enough during the 2020 wildfire season, she said. The short window for picking coupled with a series of fires compelled growers to leave the fruit on the vine for much longer.
“You leave [grapes] on the vine too much longer and if it’s hot out, they’re going to continue to ripen and get higher sugars,” Collins said. “The longer you leave them on the vine being exposed to smoke, there is a higher probability of grapes getting damaged.”
She added that the main goal of the research is to limit who really needs to test their wine grapes. Typically, wineries visit the vineyards they want to purchase grapes from and conduct on-site tests, checking for sugar levels, greenness, and maturity, among other criteria. Before 2020, in a scenario without the impact of wildfire smoke, it took 24 hours to test the grapes and get the results.
Collins thinks tests are quicker now, but during the harvest period in 2020 growers experienced weeks-long testing delays.
“The next step in research is getting the tools in the vineyard so that growers are able to test on their own—getting market-ready products so you can test grapes and wine in the vineyard,” Collins said.
Reach New Times Staff Writer Bulbul Rajagopal at brajagopal@newtimesslo.com. Sun Staff Writer Taylor O’Connor contributed to this story; reach her at toconnor@santamariasun.com.
This article appears in Aug 17-27, 2023.